Prokaryotic cell DNA is a single molecule, found free in the cytoplasm; additional DNA is found on one or more rings called plasmids.

Protein synthesis is vital for life, translating genetic information from DNA to functional proteins through transcription ...

CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic immune systems that confer resistance to foreign genetic elements such as plasmids and phages. CRISPR-Cas systems have been exploited for targeted genome editing.

Bioenergetics is the branch of biochemistry that focuses on how cells transform energy, often by producing, storing or consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Bioenergetic processes, such as ...