UniCredit chief executive officer Andrea Orcel and Commerzbank's designated chief Bettina Orlopp have held a first round of talks as the Italian bank presses to explore a tie-up and the German bank readies its defence.

The drivers of recent banking transactions are many of those that have shaped the European banking industry for the past 15 years: sluggish revenue outlook as the sugar rush of higher interest rates fades and rising costs as the promise of IT-driven efficiency is continually offset by higher investment spend,